Journal: Aging (Albany NY)

Article Title: Ginsenoside Rb1 prevents MPTP-induced changes in hippocampal memory via regulation of the α-synuclein/PSD-95 pathway

doi: 10.18632/aging.101884

Figure Lengend Snippet: Rb1 prevents cognitive impairment and dysfunctional glutamatergic transmission in the MPTP mouse model of PD. ( A – C ) Morris water maze tests were conducted after treatment with MPTP or different doses of Rb1. Mice were analyzed for (A) the escape latency during a 5-day training course. In the probe tests, mice were analyzed (B) for the escape latency, and (C) the time spent in the target zone. n = 12 per group. ( D ) Input–output relations generated by stimulating the SCs and recording in CA1 stratum radiatum. n = 6–10. ( E ) The effect of Rb1 on the LTP at the SC-CA1 synapses was recorded in MPTP-treated mice. The middle image shows representative traces of fEPSP recordings of responses before and 50 min after high-frequency stimulation (HFS; arrow). ( F ) Quantitative analysis of data in e. The level of fEPSP potentiation was determined at a mean of 0–3 min and 50–60 min after high-frequency stimulation. n = 5–8. ( G ) Representative traces of APMA receptor-mediated mEPSCs. All mEPSCs were recorded at a holding potential of −65 mV. ( H ) Cumulative frequency plots of the inter-event interval (left) and quantitative analysis of the frequency of APMA receptor-mediated mEPSCs (right). ( I ) Cumulative frequency plots of the amplitude (left) and quantitative analysis of the amplitude of APMA receptor-mediated mEPSCs (right). n = 11–15 per group. Data were obtained from the whole-cell recordings of the pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA3 region from the four groups of mice. Results are expressed as the mean ± SEM. ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05 vs. control group; ## p < 0.01, # p < 0.05 vs. MPTP group. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests as post hoc comparisons.

Article Snippet: Field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were evoked in the CA1 stratum radiatum by stimulating the Schaffer collateral (SC)/commissural pathway with a two-concentrical bipolar stimulating electrode (25-mm pole separation; FHC, Inc.) and, current clamp recording was conducted using an Axon instrument with a MultiClamp 700B amplifier (Molecular Devices) and aCSF-filled glass pipettes.

Techniques: Transmission Assay, Generated, Control

Journal: Neuron

Article Title: Juvenile antioxidant treatment prevents adult deficits in a developmental model of schizophrenia

doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.028

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Representative traces of excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSP) evoked by superficial layer electrical stimulation in adult PFC before (black trace) and after (green trace) bath application of the D2-agonist quinpirole (5 μM). (B) Neurobiotin-filled layer V pyramidal cell in the PFC; the relative position of the bipolar stimulating electrode and the recording electrode are shown schematically. (C) Bar graphs illustrating the magnitude of EPSP attenuation by quinpirole in slices from SHAM, NVHL, and NAC-treated NVHL rats. In sham rats, quinpirole reduces the size of the synaptic response, whereas in NVHL rats this attenuation is absent. NAC treatment during development reverses this deficit in NVHL animals (ANOVA: F(2,39)=3.328, p=0.046). (D) Traces from in vivo intracellular recordings in PFC pyramidal neurons showing responses to electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) with trains of 5 pulses at 20 Hz in anesthetized SHAM (top), NVHL (middle), and NAC-treated NVHL (bottom) rats. Each panel is an overlay of 5 traces that illustrate the representative type of response observed in each group, with NVHL showing enhanced firing following VTA stimulation, while firing is sparse in SHAM and NAC-treated NVHL rats. (E) Bar graph illustrating group data for action potential firing in the 500 ms epoch following VTA stimulation in all three groups. ANOVA: F(2,37)=4.5, p<0.05; NVHL firing was higher than in shams (post-hoc Tukey's q=3.9, p<0.05) and higher than in NAC-treated NVHL rats (post-hoc Tukey's q=3.6, p<0.05). In all electrophysiology experiments data from SHAM and NAC-treated SHAM rats were combined as they did not show differences.

Article Snippet: Concentric bipolar stimulating electrodes (0.5 mm diameter, 0.5 mm pole separation; Rhodes Medical Instruments Inc.) were lowered into the VTA (5.8 mm caudal to bregma; 0.5-0.8 mm lateral to midline; 7-8 mm from surface) for stimulation.

Techniques: In Vivo